afroamerikaiak

Article

August 17, 2022

Az afroamerikaiak (más néven fekete-amerikaiak és afro-amerikaiak) olyan amerikaiakból álló etnikai csoport, akiknek részleges vagy teljes felmenői Afrikából a Szaharától délre találhatóak. Az "afrikai-amerikai" kifejezés általában az Egyesült Államokból származó, rabszolgasorba vetett afrikaiak leszármazottait jelöli. Míg egyes fekete bevándorlók vagy gyermekeik szintén afro-amerikainak vallják magukat, az első generációs bevándorlók többsége nem, inkább származási nemzetével azonosítja magát. Az afroamerikaiak alkotják a második legnagyobb faji csoportot az Egyesült Államokban a fehér amerikaiak után, valamint a harmadik legnagyobb etnikai csoport a spanyol és latin-amerikaiak után. A legtöbb afroamerikai a jelenlegi Egyesült Államok határain belüli rabszolgák leszármazottja. Az afroamerikaiak átlagosan nyugat-/közép-afrikaiak, némi európai származásúak; egyesek indián és más felmenőkkel is rendelkeznek.Az amerikai népszámlálási hivatal adatai szerint az afrikai bevándorlók általában nem vallják magukat afroamerikainak. Az afrikai bevándorlók túlnyomó többsége ehelyett saját etnikai hovatartozásával azonosul (~95%). Egyes karibi és latin-amerikai nemzetekből származó bevándorlók és leszármazottjaik önazonosulhatnak a kifejezéssel, vagy nem. Az afrikai-amerikai történelem a 16. században kezdődött, amikor a nyugat-afrikai afrikaiakat európai rabszolgakereskedőknek adták el, és az Atlanti-óceánon át szállították. a tizenhárom gyarmat. Miután megérkeztek Amerikába, rabszolgának adták el őket európai gyarmatosítóknak, és ültetvényeken dolgoztatták őket, különösen a déli gyarmatokon. Néhányan az amerikai forradalom előtt és alatt független közösségeket alapítottak. Az Egyesült Államok 1783-as megalapítása után a legtöbb fekete továbbra is rabszolgaságban élt, leginkább az amerikai déli régióban koncentrálódtak, négymillió rabszolgát csak a polgárháború alatt és annak végén, 1865-ben szabadítottak fel. Az újjáépítés során állampolgárságot kaptak és szavazati jog; a fehér felsőbbrendűség elterjedt politikája és ideológiája miatt nagyrészt másodrendű állampolgárként kezelték őket, és hamarosan jogfosztottak voltak Délen. Ezek a körülmények megváltoztak az Egyesült Államok katonai konfliktusaiban való részvétel, a Délről való jelentős migráció, a legális faji szegregáció felszámolása, valamint a politikai és társadalmi szabadságra törekvő polgárjogi mozgalom következtében. 2008-ban Barack Obama lett az első afroamerikai, akit az Egyesült Államok elnökévé választottak. Az afroamerikai kultúra jelentős hatást gyakorolt ​​a világ kultúrájára, számos hozzájárulást adott a vizuális művészetekhez, az irodalomhoz, az angol nyelvhez, a filozófiához, a politikához, a konyhához, sport és zene. Az afroamerikai hozzájárulás a populáris zenéhez olyan mély, hogy gyakorlatilag minden amerikai zene, mint például a jazz, gospel, blues, hip hop, R&B, soul és rock, legalább részben vagy egészben afro-amerikaiaktól ered.

Történelem

Gyarmati korszak

A transzatlanti rabszolga-kereskedelemben rabszolgasorba kerültek és szállítottak túlnyomó többsége közép- és nyugat-afrikai ember volt, akiket közvetlenül a rabszolgakereskedők fogtak el part menti portyák során, vagy más nyugat-afrikaiak, vagy fél-európai "kereskedők adtak el" hercegek" európai rabszolgakereskedőknek, akik Amerikába vitték őket. Az első afrikai rabszolgák Santo Domingón keresztül érkeztek a spanyol felfedező által alapított San Miguel de Gualdape kolóniába (valószínűleg a mai Dél-Karolina Winyah-öböl területén található) Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón 1526-ban. A szerencsétlenül járt kolóniát szinte azonnal megzavarta a vezetés körüli harc, melynek során a rabszolgák fellázadtak, és elmenekültek a gyarmatról, hogy a helyi amerikai őslakosok között keressenek menedéket. De Ayllón és sok telepes röviddel azután meghalt egy járvány következtében, és a kolóniát elhagyták. A telepesek és a rabszolgák, akik nem szöktek meg, visszatértek Haitire, ahonnan jöttek. Luisa de Abre házassága

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